La UE pide que se devuelva todo lo cobrado con las ‘cláusulas suelo’
La Comisión Europea ha emitido un informe que tumba la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo que condenó a tres bancos a devolver la cláusula suelo de las hipotecas solo desde mayo de 2013. Bruselas pide que se reintegre todo el dinero cobrado por aplicar estas cláusulas desde mayo de 2013. La Comisión entiende que no es posible que los tribunales nacionales puedan moderar la devolución de lo pagado por el consumidor, ya que si una cláusula es declarada nula, “lo es desde el origen”. Los afectados son BBVA, Cajamar y Abanca, pero el sector teme que afectará a todos.
Los juristas de la Comisión Europea han elevado al Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea un informe en respuesta a un caso de CajaSur, filial de Kutxabank, por una cláusula suelo de una hipoteca. La demanda fue interpuesta por Ausbanc. Tras 22 folios de razonamiento jurídico, la Comisión desmonta la argumentación del Tribunal Supremo que pidió una devolución parcial de esta cláusula. Este tribunal condenó a las entidades a reintegrar lo cobrado desde el 9 de mayo de 2013, fecha de la sentencia, en adelante, pero no todo lo anterior.
La Comisión desmonta la argumentación del Tribunal Supremo que pidió una devolución parcial de esta cláusula
Desde entonces, miles de afectados han acudido a reclamar que le devuelvan lo cobrado al aplicar la cláusula suelo, que establece un mínimo a pagar en las cuotas de la hipoteca aunque los tipos acordados con la entidad estén por debajo. Hasta ahora, en la mayoría de los casos los jueces han dado la razón a los clientes, pero sin exigir la retroactividad al banco, es decir, desde el 9 de mayo de 2013 en adelante.
La cuestión es clave porque hay 2,5 millones de hipotecas con suelos, y si se aplica a todos los casos, la banca tendrá que devolver miles de millones.
En el escrito, Bruselas considera que “el cese en el uso de una determinada cláusula declarada nula por abusiva, como consecuencia de una acción individual ejercitada por un consumidor, no es compatible con una limitación de los efectos de dicha nulidad, salvo que dicha limitación sea necesaria para preservar el principio de cosa juzgada”.
Además, añade, según los artículos 6.1 y 7.1 de la directiva 93/13/CEE, “no es posible que los tribunales nacionales puedan moderar la devolución de las cantidades que ya ha pagado el consumidor en aplicación de una cláusula declarada nula desde el origen por defecto de información y/o transparencia”.
Fuentes jurídicas de una entidad señalaron que «la propia Comisión considera que, para preservar la seguridad jurídica, la protección que otorga la Directiva tiene como límite infranqueable la cosa juzgada, de tal manera que los casos que hayan sido decididos por los Tribunales no podrán ser modificados». También apuntan que «aquellas entidades y clientes cuyas situaciones hayan sido resueltas por sentencia judiciales firmes no podrán ser modificadas». Es decir, estas fuentes creen que los que hayan recibido sentencias sobre sus cláusulas o hayan firmado acuerdos de no litigiosidad, no se verán beneficiados por la posición de la Unión Europea.
El informe, firmado por Deyan Roussanov y Napoleón Ruiz García, como agentes de la Comisión, es de 13 de julio pasado, si bien se enviaron dos correcciones al Tribunal el 14 de septiembre pasado.
Golpe a la reputación
Sin embargo, fuentes jurídicas del sector financiero, consideran que, al margen de los procesos estrictamente legales, “este asunto tiene unas fuertes connotaciones reputaciones que afectan a todo el sector. Si la Comisión dice que hay que devolver todo el dinero, me temo que, tarde o temprano, reintegraremos todo lo cobrado al aplicar las cláusulas suelo”.¿Qué puede pasar a partir de ahora? En primer lugar, debe posicionarse el Tribunal de Justicia y ver qué implicaciones tiene su sentencia. En el escrito de la Comisión Europea no hay referencia al BBVA, Cajamar y Abanca, condenados por el Supremo tras denuncias interpuestas por Ausbanc.
La semana pasada, CaixaBank y Bankia comentaron que, desde el verano, fecha del escrito de la UE, decidieron dejar de aplicar las cláusulas suelo. El Popular y el Sabadell se niegan a hacerlo, por el momento.
131 Comentarios
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